Short original annotations, not abstracts. Where it stops marks the boundary our programme starts from: almost everything below assumes a single, homogeneous source of feedback.
Ouyang et al. · 2022 · OpenAI · RLHF / InstructGPT
Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
The field’s default recipe: collect human preferences, train a reward model, optimise against it. Nearly every deployed assistant descends from this loop.
Where it stops: Annotators are aggregated into one preference signal; disagreement is treated as noise to average away, not information about who knows what.
Bai et al. · 2022 · Anthropic · Constitutional AI
Constitutional AI: harmlessness from AI feedback
Replaces some human feedback with feedback generated against an explicit written constitution — principles as a supervision source.
Where it stops: One constitution for everyone. No notion of a principle carrying more weight because of whose domain it governs.
Shinn et al. · 2023 · NeurIPS · Reflexion
Reflexion: language agents with verbal reinforcement learning
Agents improve across attempts by writing self‑reflections into an episodic memory — learning without weight updates, from their own trajectory.
Where it stops: The critic is the agent itself or a task signal. No human in the loop, no authority, no reasons from a reviewer.
Madaan et al. · 2023 · NeurIPS · Self‑Refine
Self‑Refine: iterative refinement with self‑feedback
A single model drafts, critiques, and revises its own output — strong evidence that structured critique improves results even when the critic is the author.
Where it stops: Self‑critique inherits the author’s blind spots. It can polish an answer; it can’t tell the agent its diagnosis was wrong.
Wang et al. · 2023 · Voyager
Voyager: an open‑ended embodied agent with large language models
A lifelong‑learning agent that accumulates a growing, reusable skill library — the clearest demonstration that agent capability can compound over time.
Where it stops: The environment is the only teacher. Success is unambiguous and automatic — nothing like a support lead and a finance lead who disagree.
Park et al. · 2023 · UIST · Generative Agents
Generative agents: interactive simulacra of human behavior
Memory streams, retrieval, and periodic reflection produce believable long‑horizon behaviour — the reference architecture for agent memory.
Where it stops: Memory is an archive of experience, not a ledger of judgments. Nothing in it is weighted by who taught the agent what.
Packer et al. · 2023 · MemGPT
MemGPT: towards LLMs as operating systems
Treats context as a memory hierarchy the model manages itself — paging knowledge in and out. The mechanics of persistence, done properly.
Where it stops: It answers how to store, not what deserves storing or whose judgment made it true. A spec‑shaped gap.
Sorensen et al. · 2024 · ICML · Pluralistic alignment
A roadmap to pluralistic alignment
Argues directly that aligning to one averaged human preference is a mistake, and maps ways a system could serve genuinely different values.
Where it stops: Framed at the level of populations and values. The team‑scale version — named colleagues with domain authority, resolved per decision — is open. It’s the version we’re running.
Conitzer et al. · 2024 · ICML · Social choice
Social choice should guide AI alignment in dealing with diverse human feedback
Brings voting theory to RLHF: when humans disagree, aggregation is a social‑choice problem with known impossibility results, not an averaging step.
Where it stops: Aggregation still assumes the principals are peers. Weighting by domain authority — where disagreement is often not a tie to break but a hierarchy to respect — is unexplored.
Wang et al. · 2024 · Agent Workflow Memory
Agent workflow memory
Induces reusable workflows from an agent’s successful trajectories and feeds them back — procedural memory that measurably improves web‑task success.
Where it stops: “Successful” is defined by task completion. No human ever says why a workflow was right, so the memory can’t distinguish a good habit from a lucky one.